一、定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有
that,which,who(宾格whom)
,所有格whose)和关系副词
where
when
why
等,关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词that,which,who,whom等在从句中分别作主语或宾语,whose在从句中作定语,而关系副词when,where,why等在从句中作状语。
如:
I
will
never
forget
the
days
when/in
which
we
worked
together.
解析:
在句①中,表示时间的名词the
days在从句中充当的是状语,所以用关系副词when来代指,引导定语从句修饰先行词the
days;
而在句②中,表示时间的名词the
days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语,所以用关系代词that或which来代指。
同样,表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语,则用关系副词where
或why来代指;如果在从句中作动词的宾语,则用which或that来代替。
如:
①This
is
the
factory
where/in
which
I
worked.(作状语)
②This
is
the
factory
that/which
I
visited
years
ago.(作宾语)
注:当先行词为time,reason,
place时,引导词可以省略。如:
This
was
the
first
(when/what)
I
had
serious
trouble
with
my
boss.
That
is
the
reason
(why)
I
did
it.
This
is
the
place
(where)
we
met
yesterday.
另外,定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如:
①Mr.
Jackson
is
the
only
foreigner
that
is
present
at
the
party.
②He
is
one
of
the
students
who
were
praised
by
the
teacher.
解析:
在句①中,先行词foreigner被only修饰,强调只有一个,所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式,而在句②中,who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the
students,为复数,所以从句谓语动词应为复数。
二
名词性从句中的易错点
(一)that引导的定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系,“……的名词”,而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词,
如:
fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。
That在定语从句中必须作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。如:
Along
with
the
letter
was
his
promise
that
he
would
visit
me
this
coming
Christmas.
Do
you
still
remember
the
chicken
farm
that
we
visited
three
months
ago.
解析:
在句①中,that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容,that不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用,而在句②中,that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语,对先行词the
chicken
farm起修饰作用。
(二)名词性从句中,关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点
1)
名词性从句作主语或宾语时,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如:
It’s
a
pity
that
he
don’t
come
to
give
a
speech.(形式主语)
We
think
it
possible
that
you
can
finish
the
job
today.(形式宾语)
2)谓语动词
appreciate,
dislike,
hate,
like,
love,
make等接由if或when
引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语it.
例如:
I
would
appreciate
it
if
you
could
come
to
my
birthday
party.
3)动词hare,
take,
hide,
punish,
put等,后接由that
引导的病因从句式,往往在从句前加形式宾语it.
例如:
①
I
take
it
that
you
will
be
leaving
Shanghai
soon.
②
we
punished
it
that
we
had
finished
the
project
ahead
of
time.
4)短语动词answer
for,
count
on
depend
on,
insist
on,
see
to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时,必须冠以形式宾语it.
例如:
①
I’m
counting
on
it
that
you
will
come.
②
She’ll
see
to
it
that
he
goes
ahead.
注:作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用it.
三、代词it、one、that的用法与区别
One泛指,指代前面提到的那类人或物,用于指代可数名词,相当于a+名词单数,其复数形式ones前一般要有定语,否则就要用some.
That(those复数)即可指代不可数名词,表特指,相当于the+名词,后面经常与介词修饰语连用。
It指代上文出现的名词,表示同类同物,另外还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词,表示性别身份不明,可作形式主语,形式宾语,引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配,如:
get
it,
catch
it,
make
it.
例如:①
I
have
lost
my
watch.
I
think
I
must
buy
one.我丢了只表,我想我必须再买一只。
高中英语语法易错点归纳.docx